Top 10 reading

This list is in no particular order, as I find it to difficult to put the various books and novels into a ranking:

1. Kreis der Dämmerung (Circle of the Dawn) by Ralf Isau consists of five books in which the plot spans over a century, following the live of David Camden, the century child, who watches the turmoil of the 20th century, interwoven with his personal life.
2.The Redwall Series by Brian Jacques was for a long time my absolute favorite row of books and many hours were happily spent with a Redwall novel outside in our garden.
3. Flatland-A Romance over many dimensions by Edwin Abbott is probably the most fascinating novel ever written, a novel covering the topic of further dimensions by creating a world of geometrical shapes.
4. Wer bin ich und wenn ja wie viele? (Who am I and if yes, how many?) by Richard David Precht: A collection of philosophical ideas, that confuse and enlighten
5. Die Stadt der Träumenden Bücher (City of the Dreaming Books) by Walter Moers, as well as all of his other works that are set in Zamonien, a fictional continent of miracles and curiosities. Although pure nonsense, it is written in a fascinating way, that traps the reader into the world between the covers
6. Die Drei Groschen Oper (The Beggars Opera) by Bertolt Brecht is one of the greatest plays I have ever read and/or watched.
7.Der Dieb von Rom (The Thief of Rome) by Harald Parigger has been read over a dozen times by me and is about a young plebejer who walks on the path of the great thiefs of the time
8. Die Vermessung der Welt (The Measuring of the World) by Daniel Kehlmann, a fascinating and funny novel about two historical scientists, the mathematician Gauß and the geographer Humboldt.
9. Der Turm (The Tower) by Uwe Tellkamp, the novel I analysed for my Extended Essay. Almost a thousand pages long, it describes the lives of the educational elite in East Germany right before the fall of the Berlin Wall.
10. Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Toking: I read the trilogy when I was 12 years old, capturing me in the world of Legolas, Aragon and Frodo; however, a very challenging read at that age.

Book review Collapse

Book review of Collapse- How societies choose to fail or succeed

Powerful, admonitory and educational, all adjectives that classify Jared Diamonds work Collapse-Why societies choose to fail or succeed. This work is an eye opener and takes the reader on a journey through the rise and fall of societies of the past two thousand years. He does not look back to judge but to help understand the necessary changes in our modern globalised society. The work written from an American stand point relates to a modern example of the state of Montana, which although it being one of the most ecological states starts to feel the effects of environmental damage. He relates the issues to individual people and therefore gives the issue a face. Under this consideration Diamond takes a look at a row of societies, including past societies such as the Vikings, Mayas or the inhabitants of the Easter islands, but also analyses modern societies such as Rwanda, New Guinea and Australia. Often the failures among these societies are due to environmental damage amongst the five issues of environmental damage, climate change, hostile neighbors and friendly trade partners and most significantly the societies. Not every society is influenced by these factors by realizing where they failed and where they succeeded we can see where we need to change in order to balance our modern world. The issues are growing; they are not new just simply on a larger scale. However Diamond presents us with evidence, explaining in detail the scientific methods, of how previous societies dealt with the issues. He applies his assessment to the moral structure of the industries and individuals in the modern world. If everybody read Jared Diamonds work Collapse soon society would recognize its flaws. There is a possibility to learn from the past to not treat our environment in an endless storage of resources that we can plunder. Those who want to know what history can teach us and how we need to change are recommended to read the compelling work of Diamond as it is not only educational but also entertaining.

Commentary- The meeting

In this scene of One Flew over the Cuckoo’s Nest by Ken Kesey the power struggle between nurse Rachet and McMurphy gets taken to a new level of rivalry. The passage marks the end of Part II in the novel. The scenes that have been leading up to this passages were McMurphy and the Nurse playing out cards in order to determine who has power in the ward. The nurse plays her last ace with the certainty to break McMurphy; however she does not succeed, since McMurphy shows who really has power by putting his fist through the glass window. Consequently the passage is driven by the themes of Power and Manipulation and Gambling in regards to the most important themes. However Be a Man, Perspective vs. Perspective and self interest vs. Self sacrifice also mark crucial themes in the passages. In addition to the themes the text is driven by the characters of the Nurse and McMurphy and through the rivalry that exists between them. This is supported by the use of imagery by the chief and the diction of McMurphy and the nurse.

Of the three most important major themes in the novel two are present in this passage, power and manipulation as well as gambling. Before this passage the nurse was in power on account of the fact that McMurphy learned that he was a committed case. In this passage the nurse intends to make a final demonstration of her power in order to break McMurphy resistance. She seems to succeed as McMurphy does not protest against the fact that she want to take the tub room privilege away that he had fought for. The fact that McMurphy first does not react and then after she finished smashes the glass in a casual way “I’m sorry, ma’am, he said. Gwad but I am. That window glass was so spick and span I com-pletely forgot it was there.” (p.172). This way he shows the inmates of the ward that the nurse holds no power over him. “This was supposed to be her final victory over him, supposed to establish her rule once and for all. But here he comes and he’s big as a house”. This mentions the motif of Big vs. Little and whenever somebody is big it is a sign of self-confidence and power. The passage shifts from the nurse holding the power to complete power of McMurphy.

Gambling is almost equally important to Power and Manipulation, as the struggle for power is often referred to as a game of poker between the nurse and McMurphy. While the nurse plays her last ace in this round McMurphy can top it and still has the chief as an ace. The imagery used by the chief to describe McMurphy's behaviour is filled with references to “card games during the day” McMurphy is a gambler with every piece of his body and he knows when to lean back and when to play the good cards and therefore does not instantly respond to the nurses announcement but waits for better effect. His bluffing leads the nurse into an impression of victory which makes his countering an absolute statement of success.

The other themes, to be a Man, Perspective vs. Perspective and Self interest vs. self sacrifice all feed into the two bigger themes or are effects of them. To be a Man is connected to the motif of big vs. little as McMurphy stands up to smash the window and to stand his ground. “The Big nurse was sitting” and for the fact that he is standing that puts him over the big nurse. Also he reaches down to brush off the scattered glass of her, which is parallel structure to the smashed victory. His action, considering the fact that he is committed might seem rather insane to a person speaking from a perspective outside the ward, for him as a gambler however it is the best move he could make, something unexpected that put him into power again which features his long term plan of escape. Keeping that desire of escape in mind it is obvious that he does not do this as an action of self sacrifice but out of self interest, since his plan works only as long as he is in control of the ward.
Besides the theme the character of the nurse and McMurphy are utterly important. On one hand side there is McMurphy, the true American that is suppressed by the nurse. His will to fight is the reason of existence for this passage which is filled by typical McMurphy behaviour and language. On one hand side there is the gambler in him which inspires the calm waiting until the nurse has finished as well as his language that is colloquial but polite, witness to his uneducated character but still intelligent. On the other hand there is the nurse whose character is the need to stay in power. Her goal is to keep this her ward which results in the power struggle between her and McMurphy. The passage is also mainly made up of her speaking, not directly accusing the acutes but passively putting them down through language. She talks down to them by naming them “boys” and the use of numerous rhetoric questions, as if she had to make sure they understood correctly. She stresses that it is only the best for the patience “entirely for your own good” and how much she regrets this step. This way she marks the Acutes and indirectly McMurphy as the bad person and puts all fault of the taking away of privileges off herself.

Collapse Precis

The concept of the report is that it is possible to learn from previously successful or unsuccessful societies to ensure the success of the own society. According to Jared Diamond, the author of Collapse- How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed his argument is structured the way a boa constrictor would look like if it had swallowed two very large sheep. The First sheep is a modern lengthy example of Montana followed by a row of shorter chapters that increase in length as they deal with more and more complex scenarios. This includes the examinations of the Easter Islands, the Pitcairn islands, the Anasazi, the Maya, the Viking expansion, New Guinea, Japan, Rwanda, Haiti and the Dominican Republic, as well as China and Australia. All these societies vary considerably not only in location, but also in their cultural structure. However all of these societies failed or succeeded for five specific reasons: environmental damage, climate change, hostile neighbours and friendly trade partners and most significantly the society’s response to the environmental problems. Some societies made poor decisions in these categories, sometimes they did not have control over the conditions, but in the case of collapse the society always carries a certain part of the responsibility. When starting the book the author thought of it a book about the effects climate change had on societies but soon realised that the set of factors above almost always contributed. The collapse or success of a society is a complex study that employs broad spectra of the sciences to extract information about societies that have vanished for hundreds of years.
As this is a very impersonal topic as societies consist of numerous people that then vanish into anonymity, he starts off by relating the effects of the five factors he established to personal friends of his or to the fates of individual he met during his research. The first chapter, one of the longest in the book, has the same effect. As this piece is written of an American point of view, he assumes Montana to be an example that relates to the readers, as many might have been there or live under similar conditions. Also this is a modern example which indicates the importance for the present times. He interweaves many personal stories, including his own, to show how real the problems are. This includes acid leaking from mines, forest fires, destruction of eco-zones, air and water pollution as well as soil erosion and economic problems. He gives the views on the problems of multiple sides, for example the opinion of a logger and an environmentalist on the topic of over logging in Montana. Although Montana seems as if it was a beautiful place without problems, Jared Diamond makes clear that it is a beautiful place with problems. He suggests solutions and points out flaws in the planning and the reasons of position, all backed up with expert opinion and scientific proof. He makes a well educated impression, but most importantly he states: “Hence as you read this book, and as you consider environmental problems posed mostly in impersonal terms, please think of the problems of those other societies as viewed by individual people like Stan Falkow,.....”

Chapter two deals with the rise and collapse of the Easter Island and the gives detailed history, ranging from settlement to tribe rivalry, as far as historians and scientists have put it together for the reader to understand the situation. The Easter Islands had a culture but with the creation of the statues overstressed the resources of the island. It became deforested, which made it victim to soil erosion as was found out from pollen samples on the island ranging a few hundred years back. For the five factors environmental damage, hostile encounter and reaction to environmental problems led to the collapse of the Easter Island society. Very similar is the case of the Pitcairn Islands except the element of trading partners and the fading away of these connections played a significant role.

The next two chapters deal with the collapse of the Anaszi and the Maya. He again gives detailed background on the History so the reader understands the mentality of the society and then with the backup of the research of pollen scientists, archaeologists and the methods of carbon tracking explains one by one the factors that helped the downfall. This included deforestation, overpopulation, structural problems in the society, soil erosion and droughts and hostile encounters which mean that all but the trading partners played a role in the downfall. He shows incredible profound knowledge about the methods the scientists applies and links the results to modern societies.

The topic of the Viking expansion is even more complex which includes the settlements of the Faeroe Islands, Ireland, Iceland, Greenland and Vinland which is in Canada. He analyses the fate of each settlement, of a success on the Faeroe Islands and in Iceland due to relative close distance to main land and the failure of the Vinland colonies. He also stresses the importance of the Greenland settlement. Iceland only managed its problems after an extreme case of deforestation and had to change the society’s base to fish and not sheep. In Greenland the problem was that the Vikings continued their life style they were used from home, which however was not suitable for Greenland’s sensible environment. They also refused to eat fish as bone analysis show. They were unwilling to adapt and carried on, which worked for a few generations but soon led to the complete collapse. Furthermore there was a decline in trading which was important for iron and wood and without the trading ships the Viking settlement was in constant decline. On the other hand there was a successful society on Greenland, the Inuit, who had adapted to the environment eve farther north than the Vikings. The Vikings refused to learn from the Inuit and as a result the Inuit succeeded while the Vikings failed. The five points all play a role. There was a climate change, as the Vikings arrived in a series of mild years, which they falsely assumed to be normal conditions and therefore behaved wrong when the cold season came. There was hostile encounter however very little, the decline in trade and the lack of adaption.

The next chapters deal with modern societies ranging from the bottom up reform of New Guinea which prevented a collapse of the society to a top down reform in Japan which made Japan one of the most successful countries on earth. These two success stories are followed by the disaster of the Rwandan genocide and the environmental problems of deforestation and soil erosion in China and Australia. These societies are all significantly more complex than for example the Easter Islands, considering the phenomenon of ethnic hatred in Rwanda and the size of China. This size carries the problem of overpopulation but also great power to react quickly and effectively and affect a large number of people such as the one child policy (which was debateable but still affected many) The ecosystem in Australia is very fragile and the Australian way of treating it was very much affected by the British ancestors. Other examples are Haiti and the Dominican Republic who live on the same island but due to slight variations in geography but also History are very different today. One example is the death penalty on logging in the Dominican Republic that was enforced for decades. All these societies still exist today and might overcome their problems by looking at the past and learn of the mistakes of others.

Another problem are the business models of many oil, logging and sea food companies in modern days which can cause great problems in the areas they operate. Many of these business models need to change otherwise this could lead to future catastrophes that affect not only one society but the whole globe. The societies need to learn from the past, considered the factors that caused the downfall of the Easter Islands, the Maya or the Vikings to overcome current problems such as overpopulation and climate destabilisation.

One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest- Motifs

McMurphy arrives at the hospital
Perspective vs. Perspective, Power & manipulation, Living vs apathy,

Vote on using the tub room
Gambling, Self interest vs. self sacrifice, Power & manipulation

Vote on world series
Living vs. apathy, Power & manipulation, Trust vs mistrust

Chief talks and the deal
Perspective vs. Perspective, Sanity and Insanity, Living vs apathy, Self interest vs self sacrifice

Gas station
Living vs. apathy, Be a Man, Sanity and Insanity


Fishing trip
Living vs. apathy, Trust vs. mistrust, Be a Man, Sex and sexuality

Cheswik dies
Sanity and Insanity, Living vs. apathy

McMurphy learns about voluntary and committed
Trust vs. mistrust, Sanity and Insanity, Power & manipulation, Perspective vs. Perspective, Self interest vs. self sacrifice

Party, Billy has sex
Sex and sexuality, Living vs. apathy, Be a Man

Billy suicide
Power & manipulation, Perspective vs. Perspective

First time nurse flips out on Friday
Self interest vs. self sacrifice, Power & manipulation,

Doctor proposes carnival
Power & manipulation, Be a man, Living vs. apathy, Self interest vs. self sacrifice

Chief escape
Power & manipulation, Living vs. apathy, Be a man,

Pecking Party
Power & manipulation, Perspective vs. Perspective, Trust vs. mistrust

Nurse brings up why McMurphy acts the way he does
Self interest vs. self sacrifice, Gambling, Trust vs. Mistrust

LHC in the Independent

Cern breaks Energy record

On the 30th of March the Large Hadron Collider successfully was launched. At Cern and all around the world scientists are celebrating as a new energy record for a particle accelerator was set in the particle accelerator under Geneva.

This experiment took place in the 27 kilometre tunnel of the LHC and consisted of beams of protons that were directed at each other in opposing directions. Scientists all around the world hope to confirm old theories as well as finding new particles that will allow a new understanding of physics. The experiment is vital for scientific research and eventually will play a role in future technology.

The beams travelled at 99.9999991% the speed of light and consisted of trillions of Protons. The particles smashed each with an energy of 3.5 TeV (3.5 Trillion Electron volts) adding up to a total energy of 7 TeV which is three times the previous record. For frame of reference: a TV has about 20 000 electron volts.

The reason this experiment was preformed is that the scientists hope to find new particles such as the Higgs Boson, proof Super Symmetry and learn about dark matter amongst other objectives. The experiment was completely safe as the sun does exactly the same process on the earth’s outer atmosphere on a day to day basis.

The Independent Article

Housing market frozen until election

As the date of the election is approaching both house sellers and buyers are holding back and wait for the outcome to the election to do business again. This pushes the prices in the cities and the situation is most likely to change once the votes next week are counted.

This stalemate on the reality market created through the uncertainty of the outcome of the election is ranging back over almost 3 months now and independent oberservers start to see a lack in flow of business and as a result the housing prices in London and other major cities start to rise. The countryside seems not to be affected equally to the cities.

Although the economic situation is at the brink of recovering from the recession it is not fully stabilised yet and disturbing the business in the housing sector slows down the recovery rate. The realty market is with a 4% tax a profitable income source for country, especially from London, Manchester and Kent.

Mr. Smith, CEO of a well known business assessing firm explains: “An artificial business bubble was created at the last real estate crisis and pushed economy into turmoil. However this time we are not even close to a comparable situation, as the investors are simply anxious about the outcome of the election.”
Both the Conservative Party and the Labour Party have announced ambitious plans for the market policies which also would concern those in the housing business. Depending on who comes out of this election as a winner, the market will have to adapt to the new situation.

Depending on the value of the house, ranging from categories of 125 000 British Pounds to 500 000 British Pounds and upwards the tax differs from 1%-4%. This is expected to change with the government. A member of Halifax stated: “The market remains extremely challenging with low volumes of sales currently being agreed. The forecast budget cuts and potential for tax rises are causing many prospective purchasers to wait and see. The sooner an election the better.”

The Independent- Article analysis

“It is. Are you?” The Independent is published with the aim to deliver political neutral news; nevertheless it has a slight slant to the left political spectrum but also covers right wing themes. It is one of Great Britain’s broadsheet newspapers and is aimed at an educated audience dealing with national and international news which concern the educated readers they are aiming at.

The First article to analyse was the main story of the business section of the newspaper, concerning higher taxation for bankers in London and therefore threatening London’s position as an international financial capital. This article is both theme and form wise a typical article for The Independent. It deals with an issue concerning the high income workers of the cities since the tax primarily needs to concern income levels of half a million and higher. The thought that London might lose its position as an attractive business centre clearly is not of concern to the masses but to specific fields of the financial sector whose members are possible audience for The Independent.

Besides the theme the actual context of the article gives further indication to why it is a typical article for this newspaper. The complete detail section of the article deals with numbers and facts of institutes as well as the expert opinion of Ian Hopkinson. By naming the exact statistics and quoting an expert the risk of bringing in a political opinion is reduced significantly. It is both informative and politically independent speaking for the typical style of The Independent.

Another article concerned the trial against Lord Ashcroft, a story which has been building up in the weeks before this article. Indications for why this is an Independent article are once more the theme but also how they display it. The theme itself is interesting for a broader range of readers than the previous article, however the piece is written in a way requesting prior knowledge and displaying the scene in a more sophisticated light. The fact that the article deals not only with Lord Ashcroft but also with the Conservative Party confirms the slight left wing slant of the paper.

Furthermore there was a third article dealing the fashion at the Oscars award ceremony. This is a rather unusual topic for The Independent as theme edges at celebrity gossip and is not the usual metier of the paper. However this article deals in a broadsheet style with the issue. The format includes paragraphs with up to 80 words and takes a business point of view on the Oscar fashion. It deals with the PR speculations of the designer labels as well as the financial interest of the fashion industry. The journalist took a very simplistic theme and instead of writing about the gossip took a more sophisticated approach that interests the audience of The Independent. This theme enlarged the range of readers but still held a broadsheet level.

All three articles were major stories in The Independent and covered the Business, the Political and Lifestyle section of the paper. All three articles were aimed at the typical audience for a broadsheet and indeed remained independent whilst being highly informative. The level of sophistication in diction and syntax both suggest the high education level of the readers.

Commentary Revision

“... the Jatravartid people of Viltvodle Six firmly believe that the entire Universe was in fact sneezed out of the nose of a being called the Great Green Arkleseizure.” Absurdities such as this, taken from the Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy are typical examples of one of the many literary devices employed in this absurdist comedy. The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy is also a radio serial and furthermore falls under the genre of the science fiction and is driven by a row of themes, some more important than others, such as the themes mostly harmless and aliens rule. There themes are enforced by the employment of motifs, rhetorical devices and imagery for humorous effect by the means of absurdity, irony or intertextuality among many more.


Similarly to any theme in the entire radio script, the theme 42 brings motifs with it, recurring symbols that are indicators of the present themes. In the case of 42 the motifs present are the Ultimate Questions and the mice, who were the ones who gave the order for the construction of the computer called Earth. It is impossible to talk about the theme of 42, which on one hand is absurd, but nevertheless is the Ultimate Answer, without mentioning the Ultimate question itself. The Ultimate Question in fact is only interesting to the mice for money reasons. The mice in this passage are only addressed as a race of hyper intelligent pan-dimensional beings, which wraps around the theme of 42. The themes itself, as well as its motifs are all in service of the overall absurdity of the piece.

Full article broadsheet

McLeod launches cleaning project, students should take action
The upper school principal called a short term scheduled assembly to introduce the planned solution.

The ZIS Upper School principle, John McLeod, called an unscheduled assembly in the theatre on last Tuesday, involving grades ten through twelve, in which he addressed the issue of littering in the school.

The solution that was presented, divides the school up in different sectors that are assigned to different grade levels. Every week a different advisory is picked, whose students clean up the area that is assigned to the grade level they are in. This concept met strong opposition amongst some students.
Furthermore he admitted that the solution was not ideal, but he encouraged the students upon their grumpy response to take the initiative and come up with solutions, but no suggestions have been handed in so far
Previously to this meeting there had been a number of announcements during advisory time, encouraging students to clean after themselves, however hoping for a feeling of responsibility in the students and stressing the importance of the community did not lead to the hoped results.
The incident that had triggered the discussion in the first place, was a tour for parents that wanted to send their children to the Zürich International School. However at the end of the tour the decided against ZIS, upon the behaviour of the students they saw and the mess that was produced by them. They stated that the conditions were unacceptable
One major flaw that students pointed out was the way the sections of the school were distributed. While on the second floor there rarely are large amounts of rubbish found, the cafeteria often is left in a battlefield, but the cafeteria was not assigned at all.
One theory that has been established to explain why the students are that careless is the lack of rubbish bins in the beginning of the school year, as well as the absence of any recycle bins. Since then the situation has improved drastically, but they are not being used as frequently as they should be.
Conversations among the students indicate how unhappy they are with the situation, not with the rubbish, but with the fact that they have give up five minutes of their lunch time to check if everything is cleaned up. They are not willing to do so and this attitude is contributing to the probability of this project not improving the situation at all. Most of the older students give the majority of the blame to the ninth graders, who previously have been proven to be immature in their behaviour. In addition the density of litter is the greatest in the areas that are usually occupied by the ninth and sometimes tenth graders.
Another problem that soon will arise is the fact that it is getting warmer and students will start too spent more time outside. As the students migrate outside, so does the rubbish. It has already been seen during the first two months of school that the current student body left the steps in front of the school and football field in a mess. Empty crisp bags were forgotten; lunch plates, empty plastic bottles and gum turned this usually pleasant space into a rather disgusting area. This is most probably going to repeat and no solution has been worked out for this scenario as to this day.
This problem has occurred multiple times in the past and usually the turned out to improve slightly after action was taken, but there was no real effect on a long term base. This incident is unlikely to be the last of its kind if there is not attitude change happening amongst the students.

Broadsheet article

McLeod launches cleaning project, students should take action

The upper school principal called a short term scheduled assembly to introduce the planned solution.

The ZIS Upper School principle called an assembly on last Tuesday, involving grades ten through twelve, in which he addressed the issue of littering in the school.

The solution that was presented, divides the school up in different sectors that are assigned to different grade levels. Every week a different advisory is picked, whose students clean up the area that is assigned to the grade level they are in. This concept met strong opposition amongst some students

Heralde Tribune

Headline:
Active verb
Alliteration
More sophisticated title, longer
Load of language
1st paragraph
Who: Obama
When: Tuesday
Where: Washington
What: address issues
2nd paragraph:
Listing advantages
Why: ongoing discussion


http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/03/health/policy/03health.html?ref=todayspaper

tabloid article about meeting

Rich rubbish kids should clean up

This Tuesday an assembly in the theatre was called by Mr. McLeod to enforce a further burden on the students, they are forced to clean up every lunch. This punishment is put on a different assembly every week.
Apparently the school has been to dirty and parents refused to send their children to this school. Therefore action needs to be taken as a “community” and all should work together. A hopeless task as students started to fall asleep and talk during the assembly

newspapers

http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article7045457.ece

Headlines

Prison Break by Two Party Penguines
Miraculous Match- Girls team slaughters varsity boys
Brutal Blizzard-“The Georgian” only one at school
Scandal-Seniors win once more- Ukuleles out
Holmes hamsters Laptops-30 student’s tablets stolen
Pandemic back-free shots for school

Headlines

Times-BBC signals an end to era of expansion
Financial Times- Goldman role in Greek crisis probed
Financial Times-China forces shortages of migrant workers
The Guardian-Gadaffi calls for Switzerland jihad

Nature of Science

Science is never fully right, but it is the best bet. Greg Craven states a very valid point with this statement. In the discussion around climate change it should be considered that science, although it is never completely certain, it has always proven to have the best chances of predicting future events. Especially the first part of The Nature of Science deals with this issue. He stresses multiple times that scientists constantly revise theories and try to improve the precision and accuracy of the measurements to decrease the uncertainty but also acknowledge the fact that an absolute certain measurement is impossible to achieve. Since there is always an uncertainty this leaves room for argument, unfortunately also for climate critics. As the physics teacher argues, this allows the unreasonable scepticism that is in the world right now. Instead of holding this uncertainty as a flaw, it rather should be acknowledged that the scientific predictions and theories have the lowest uncertainty out of all claims. For that reasons science is usually well trusted and itself very picky about the measuring methods and claims. Some of the predictions made by scientists about the climate destabilisation might turn out to be wrong; however this does not prove the whole theory wrong, since it was clear from the beginning that there would be uncertainty in the predictions.

Consequently one of the most vital actions to take is revising and editing the theories. Greg Crave states two important aspects in connection to this, trying to disprove an argument makes it stronger, such as the theory of gravity (video 2, 1:50) and admitting that one was wrong makes the argument more reliable. When looking for the evidence for a particular theory it is important to try to prove it wrong and look for counter arguments to the point one is making. If trying to disprove a theory consistently does not work and the counter arguments, such as those to climate change, come from non reliable sources, then it only strengthens the point. If it indeed can be disproved or there are found flaws that do not mean the theory is disproven, it just needs to be revised. Admitting into the mistakes and changing them makes the source more reliable and that constantly happens with the climate theories. He makes an excellent point that is not only relevant on the big scale and in science, admitting in to the mistakes allows improvement.

Modern society is a society of specifying, there is a huge supply of people and necessary to specify in order to make a living. There are specialists and experts for almost any topic in the world and when help is needed people trust these experts. As Craven correctly points out, many people have doubt in the scientists, the experts; because they think they know better than the experts. However the situation is very complex and climate change a severe topic, therefore it is vital to rely on the experts and almost all reliable scientists confirm climate destabilisation. Not relying on the expert opinion counters all logic thinking and Greg Craven is trying his best to open people’s eyes.

One reason why there are so many sceptics is that everybody has some sort of bias. As the physicist demonstrates in a row of examples, that can be seen in Part 1 and the beginning of Part 2, we all have assumption we make. He quotes Douglas Adams on “Assumptions are the things you don’t know you have” and those assumptions make us unconsciously bias. When humans have an opinion or a believe about a topic they look for evidence to back it up. Since they already have an opinion they are valuing the evidence that speaks for their opinion more than other evidence although that might be stronger. This way individuals think that their believe is true, although based on the real evidence is not. Assessing data is critical and therefore it is necessary to know the assumptions one has in order to draw the right conclusions of the evidence. It needs skill as well as experience, both factors that science and scientists have developed and therefore are better analyzers of the situation.

Commentary reflection

Commentary reflection

What went well?
Once I actually started writing the annotations I did in the passage; the different parts started joining together into ideas that served the theme. Also there was no lack of material to write about and although I needed more time than I would like to have taken find the literary devices, there were enough to write about.
Where you struggled?
I had trouble deciding on which theme to address since the passage had a summary of the previous chapters, so there was a row of themes that I considered. This was probably the biggest problem since everything else is supposed to be in service of the themes. Furthermore I had troubles finding the right words for the introduction and deciding how much to space to delicate to the context.

completed paragraph

“That is impossible”, often this phrase is used as an exaggeration to state how unlikely it is that an event is taking place. The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy uses this fact to take it to an extreme for humorous purpose. The idea behind it is the case of the impossible or at least the very unlikely. One theme therefore is the probability of the improbable, which recurs throughout the whole radio script. An important motif in service of this theme is the improbability drive which is invented precisely in this passage, supported by literary devices to help to evoke amusement. Examples of these literary devices are the intertextuality, irony and logical fallacy. The motif, the improbability drive, which is later revealed, enables a space ship to be at every point of the universe at the same time, is a rather absurd and impossible object. In order to make sense of it in a humorous way logical fallacy is applied. A student left behind in the lab to clean up after an unsuccessful party, which is irony, since one would expect that he would clean up an experiment, figured out that since it was impossible to invent a improbability drive he just needed to calculate how unlikely it actually was. The process as it is explained itself follows a logical structure that ends in the invention; however the end result is so absurd and impossible that this process is called logical fallacy. Precisely the fact that it is absurd causes the amusement in the reader. Also in service of that improbability is the use of intertextuality which is another literary device applied and references to the argument that if enough monkeys have a typewriter, eventually one types the script for Hamlet, again an absurd scenario and therefore amusing. The absurdity of the passage enforced by the literary devices is responsible in the humour of the probability of the improbable.

Outline

The ability to create custom made planets by using white holes in the “glorious days of the Former Galactic Empire” already give a clear indication of genre this passage taken from The Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy belongs in the category of Science fiction. The reason why this can already be seen only within the first sentence is the use of conventions. Just as in any other genre in any written piece the conventions in Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy serve the codes, such as theme and characters to create a humorous science fiction radio play. The themes such as the insignificance of mankind and the relation of past and presence are enforced through a row of literary devices ranging from intertextuality to irony and sarcasm, which often create absurd scenarios, all for the humorous effect.



Paragraph 1:
Thesis: In this passage one of the main themes of the radio script on the big scale takes its beginning, the probability of the improbable.

Examples: Invention of the improbability drive
Examples: Jargon, logical fallacy

Paragraph 2:
Thesis: Furthermore another theme plays a vital role in the paragraph, the distinguishing between the cool and trendy objects and pastimes in the universe in contrast to the uncool part of the universe
Convention Examples: Irony, Juxtaposition, Physicists-uncool

Paragraph 3:
Another theme of the Hitchhikers guide to the Galaxy finds it origin in this passage, the power of a cup of tea and motif of the cup of tea is a red thread though the whole book

Examples: Invention, it is ubiquitous


All of these themes, as well as other codes such as the characters and the plot built the base to define the genre of the Hitchhikers Guide to the Galaxy. The themes of the probability of the improbably, the power of a cup of tea and the argument what is cool and what is not keep on recurring throughout the whole script. Together with the use literary conventions of irony, logical fallacy, etc. to create humour through language it creates this parody of the genres science fiction and serial, which is highly successful in evoking amusement in the reader.